Noble Audio Kublai Khan IEMs: A New Standard in Audio Excellence Descending directly from the lineage of the original Khan, the Kublai Khan In-Ear Monitors (IEMs) represent a pinnacle of innovation and craftsmanship in personal audio. Featuring 4 different types of drivers, this masterpiece is designed to deliver unparalleled audio performance. Dynamic Driver: A 10mm driver ensures deep, impactful bass and sub-bass you can feel. Bone Conductor Subwoofer: Adds tactile, rumbling bass for an immersive listening experience. Knowles Balanced Armature (BA) Drivers: Four BA drivers handle the mid-lows and mid-highs, offering refined and accurate mids. Piezo Super Tweeter: A 10mm tweeter delivers airy and precise highs, capturing the finest details of your music. Noble Audio took everything they learned from their award-winning Khan and refined it further. The Kublai Khan boasts greater bass extension, enhanced mids, and even crisper, more spacious highs - setting a new benchmark for IEM performance. Key Features That Stand Out: Interference-Free Performance: The Kublai Khan is compatible with the Apple dongle, free from electromagnetic interference, ensuring clean and consistent audio. Robust Build Quality: A stainless steel nozzle with a metal wax guard screen offers durability and hygiene. User-Friendly Design: Recessed 2-pin 0.78mm sockets provide a secure and streamlined connection. Premium Cable Options: The IEMs come with Noble's 8-core cable, available in your preferred termination for seamless compatibility with your setup. Noble Audio was established on April 15, 2013, by John Moulton under Wizard Audio Industries, LLC. Since then, the company has been at the forefront of delivering high-quality, handcrafted audio products. With the Kublai Khan, Noble continues its tradition of pushing boundaries and redefining what’s possible in portable audio. Final Thoughts: The Kublai Khan IEMs are a testament to Noble Audio’s commitment to precision, innovation, and uncompromising sound quality. Whether you're an audiophile or simply someone who values superior audio, the Kublai Khan offers an experience that's nothing short of extraordinary. Are you ready to elevate your listening journey? © KUBizNet © AudioHiRes

Campfire Solaris 'Stellar Horizon' Visit the Facebook Group "Hi-Res Audio " OVERVIEW Stellar Horizon is the biggest revision to the Solaris line of IEMs. Campfire's new Radial Venting system elevates Solaris’ dynamic driver for a more even, accurate performance. With updated, dual-diaphragm balanced armatures, Stellar Horizon creates one of the most expansive, detailed, and resolving IEMs available. Stellar Horizon is a durable, striking, high-performance tool for the discerning listener in a brushed stainless steel housing with elegant brass det ailing. HIGHLIGHTS 10mm Dynamic Driver with Radial Venting Three Dual-Diaphragm Balanced Armatures ( 1x mid, 2x high) The crisp, detailed, elegant sound Custom Brass Inlay in Laser-Cut Acrylic Brushed Stainless Steel Shell Gold Medal from VGP Awards for earphones $2000+ TECH SPECS: PHASE HARMONY ENGINEERING At Campfire Audio , our philosophy regarding driver treatment informs a considered approach that emphasizes quality over quantity. In the arms race to fit a higher and higher number of drivers into an earphone, we find that a results-driven technique for driver treatment produces superior results with less room for pitfalls and ever-expanding variables that can undermine product consistency. One of the products of this approach is our Phase Harmony Engineering, which allows us to segment the frequency spectrum and assign these segments to specific drivers and allows those drivers to apply their strengths to that area. But it doesn’t end there, using a combination of precision-engineered driver housings and shell geometry, coupled with custom damping values we can physically shape the tuning and response of the drivers, and further, their interaction with one another. This driver-to-driver interaction is crucial to eliminating points of potential phase cancellation and creating the intangibles that don’t show on a frequency response curve; imaging, separation, resolution, and soundstage. RADIAL VENTING TECHNOLOGY Campfire’s exciting new technology, Radial Venting, is a revolutionary new way to house and tune our dynamic drivers. Surrounding Stellar Horizon’s 10mm DD with a ring-like chamber allows for more even pressure release on all sides of the driver’s diaphragm. This helps to create a bass response that is refined, detailed, and accurate. DUAL DIAPHRAGM BALANCED ARMATURES One of the newest developments in balanced armature technology, Campfire is proud to implement Knowles’ new dual-diaphragm armatures. This additional diaphragm allows the driver to produce greater sonic output, creating a richer signal. These drivers also feature the added benefits of lower sensitivity and extremely low harmonic distortion.

"The first dynamic open-back headphone from Meze Audio, 109 PRO is a demonstration of our commitment to go beyond the faithful reproduction of sound to deliver pure emotion" Meze Audio Disclaimer: "Meze Audio" "Zur Trade" Distributor graciously provided the "Meze 109 Pro" for this review. Meze is undoubtedly a popular and well-regarded brand in the audio industry, known for its range of headphones that cater to different sound preferences and budgets. The Meze 109 PRO Dynamic Headphones occupy a special place within Meze's lineup. While they come with a higher price tag, they offer a significant improvement in resolution and overall clarity compared to the Meze 99 Classics. The intention behind the 109 PRO seems to be to provide a balance between the magic of the 99 Classics and the high-end performance of the flagship models. Introduction: I recently had the pleasure of testing out the MEZE 109 Pro headphones, a back-open model equipped with a powerful 50mm dynamic driver. After spending some quality time with these headphones, I must say that they truly exceeded my expectations in terms of sound quality and overall comfort. In this review, I will discuss the key features and explain why I highly recommend the MEZE 109 Pro headphones. Design and Comfort: The design of the MEZE 109 Pro headphones is elegant, with a sturdy build that gives off a premium feel, yes, in general, it is. The adjustable headband allows for a comfortable fit on any head size, and the lightweight ( 375 gr without cables ), and velour ear cups, make them perfect for long listening sessions without causing any discomfort or fatigue. The comfort of the Meze 109 PRO Dynamic headphones is truly exceptional. The attention to detail in their design and construction is evident. The standout features of the Meze 109 PRO is its self-adjusting headband and its lightweight design, ensuring that the headphones sit lightly on your head without exerting too much pressure, providing a barely noticeable sensation. Weighing in as one of the lightest headphones available, the 109 PRO offers hours of fatigue-free listening thanks to the support provided by the flexible and soft headband. Whether it's the headband or the cushioned velour earpads, you'll never feel any wearing fatigue even after extended periods of use. Velour cushions comfortably surround the ears, providing the optimal seal to create natural sound. As velour is far softer and more breathable than leather, it also prevents sweat and overheating during lengthy listening sessions. In summary, the Meze 109 PRO Dynamic Headphones not only possess excellent design aesthetics but also offer remarkable comfort and wearability. With their precisely placed drivers, deep velour-coated earpads, and self-adjusting headband, these headphones provide an unmatched level of comfort, allowing for enjoyable listening sessions lasting hours on end. The build quality of the Meze 109 PRO is also worth mentioning. The spider metallic structure and acoustically transparent grill not only contribute to the open and spacious sound signature but also add a touch of elegance and durability to the headphones. Meze Audio's commitment to high-quality materials and precision engineering is evident in every aspect of the 109 PRO's design. Overall, the Meze 109 PRO delivers not only exceptional sound quality but also unmatched comfort. Whether you plan to use them for a short listening session or an all-day music marathon, these headphones will provide a pleasant and enjoyable experience without any wearing fatigue. Sound Quality: The sound quality of the Meze 109 PRO Dynamic Headphones is truly exceptional, making them a standout choice for audiophiles and music enthusiasts alike. These headphones offer a wide soundstage with excellent depth and imaging, creating a truly immersive listening experience. Overall, the Meze 109 PRO excels in delivering a balanced, detailed, and emotionally captivating sound signature. Whether you're a fan of bass-heavy music, enjoy intricate midrange details, or seek an engaging and energetic treble response, these headphones will not disappoint. Their ability to reproduce music so accurately and emotionally will bring back memories and elicit deep emotions you may have forgotten were even there. The lows are deep and impactful, providing a satisfying punch to bass-heavy tracks. Starting with the bass, the 109 PRO delivers a full, deep, and lush low end that can reach down to 5 Hz. The bass is natural in speed, allowing for both technical metal and more subtle acoustic notes to be reproduced accurately. The headphone's ability to produce nuanced and distinguishable bass notes really sets it apart from other headphones in its price range. Moving on to the midrange, the 109 PRO continues to impress. The mids are clear and well-defined, allowing vocals and instruments to shine through with great clarity. The soundstage is wide and holographic, bringing music to life all around the listener. The detail and clarity in the midrange are outstanding, making even the smallest nuances, micro symbols, synth keys, and background vocals easily discernible. Voices sound sensitive and emotional, while acoustic recordings feel incredibly vivid and real. In the treble range, the 109 PRO strikes a good balance between energy and smoothness. The lower treble has a nuanced and pronounced presentation, adding bite and impact to cymbal crashes and high-frequency details. The upper treble is smoother, preventing any harshness or fatigue in the sound. This combination allows for a natural and engaging listening experience across a wide variety of music genres, from rock to EDM and everything in between. One of the standout features of the MEZE 109 Pro headphones is their exceptional sound quality with Frequency Response: 5Hz - 30KHz and Sensitivity of 112 dB SPL at 1KHz, 1mW . Moreover, the highs are crisp and never harsh, ensuring a balanced audio reproduction. Carefully tuned by Meze's in-house engineering team, it offers emotionally engaging sound with great detail, clarity, and just the right amount of punch. Its organic character, paired with superior dynamics, excellent imaging, and full-bodied vocals bring soul-stirring details to life. Thanks to the 50mm dynamic driver, these headphones deliver a rich and detailed audio experience across all frequencies. A new 50mm dynamic driver , assembled and tuned with ultimate precision, allowed to push the boundaries of speed, accuracy, and dynamic range. Meze's research led to the development of the 109 series Dual-Composite Diaphragm - a combination of Beryllium-coated polymer and cellulose-carbon fiber composite. The copper-zinc alloy stabilizer, positioned around the membrane, improves the absorption of vibrations to further reduce distortion. The diaphragm is encased in a high-precision aluminum frame, together with the neodymium magnet. Manufactured using CNC machining, the frame offers superior rigidity, strength, and thermal stability to retain surface flatness. Made of a carbon fiber-enforced cellulose composite, the W-shaped dome is able to reproduce high-frequencies with incredible detail, clarity, and definition. More durable than conventional alternatives used in dynamic drivers, yet lightweight, this composite helps reduce resonances that may lead to harmonic distortion. The ultra-thin torus surrounding the dome is composed of Beryllium-coated semicrystalline polymer, measuring 22 microns in thickness. By applying the Beryllium coating through Physical Vapor Deposition (PVD) , it aimed to increase the stiffness and durability of the driver, while still keeping it light enough to achieve a fast transient response. These qualities are also enhanced through the corrugations on the torus, which are precisely carved at a 45.5° angle. Beryllium’s high damping qualities also help suppress unwanted resonances, giving the 109 PRO its neutral, vivid, and transparent character. Performance and Connectivity: Besides, it’s easy to drive from most devices, whether we’re talking portable sources or intricate home setups. When it comes to performance, the MEZE 109 Pro headphones shine. They have a low impedance of 40 Ω , making them easy to drive even with portable devices such as smartphones or laptops. The detachable cable is of high quality and eliminates any tangling issues. Value for Money: Considering the exceptional sound quality, comfort, and overall build quality, the MEZE 109 Pro headphones offer excellent value for money! They compete with many higher-priced headphones in terms of performance, making them a budget-friendly yet high-performing option for audio enthusiasts, audiophiles, or professionals. Conclusion: In conclusion, the MEZE 109 Pro headphones are an outstanding option for anyone in search of affordable, open-back headphones that do not compromise on sound quality or comfort. The combination of the 50mm dynamic driver and open-back design provides an immersive audio experience, while the comfortable fit ensures hours of enjoyable listening. Whether you're a music lover, gamer, or professional seeking reliable headphones, the MEZE 109 Pro is definitely worth considering. I love the MEZE 109 Pro! The Meze 109 PRO Dynamic Headphones not only deliver incredible sound quality but also boast an impressive and visually appealing design. With their comfortable fit, thick velour ear pads, and unique open-back design, these headphones provide both comfort and a satisfying audio experience. Meze Audio Youtube TECH SPECS Transducer Size: 50mm Frequency Response: 5Hz - 30KHz Sensitivity: 112dB SPL at 1KHz, 1mW Impedance: 40 Ω Weight: 375 gr (13 oz) without cables Ear-Cups Black Walnut Wood ACCESSORIES Case: Hard EVA pouch Included cables: - 1.5 m soft TPE cable, with black aluminum casings, ending with a 3.5 mm jack - 3 m soft TPE cable, with black aluminum casings, ending with a 3.5 mm jack Headphone termination: - 3.5 mm TRS jack Included adapters: - 6.3 mm gold-plated jack Warranty period: 2 years Author - Alexander Y [ALEXKUBIK] FB Group Hi-Res Audio FB Page Hi-Res Audio www.audiohires.com Meze Audio : "Alex Kubik of Hi-Res Audio Project tested the 109 Pros and found them to be “an outstanding option for anyone in search of affordable, open-back headphones that do not compromise on sound quality or comfort."

EPZ Q1: Engaging Warmth The EPZ Q1 stands out with its unique warmth that surpasses mere balance, offering a musicality that captivates. Its ability to maintain vocal energy while achieving clear sound separation impressed me greatly. For beginner audiophiles seeking warm and engaging vocals, I wholeheartedly recommend the EPZ Q1. Its distinctive sound signature adds a new dimension to musical enjoyment, making it a worthy addition to any enthusiast's collection. EPZ Q5: A Bright and Analytical Gem for Beginner Audiophiles The EPZ Q5 has carved its place in the audio world, renowned for its bright, technical, and analytical sound that doesn't compromise on fun. Priced under $100, it competes fiercely with analogs, offering a similarly vibrant U-shaped signature that enthusiasts adore. However, the Q5 isn't for everyone. Its emphasis on treble can be unforgiving for those sensitive to higher frequencies, occasionally sounding sharper than desired. The lower mids may feel a bit thin due to this treble prominence, and the midbass lacks some depth, impacting tactility. Yet, despite these considerations, the Q5 excels in many aspects. At less than $100, it provides a compact, lightweight, and comfortable design that delivers sparkling sound quality. If you're a treble aficionado seeking an analytical IEM that shines with detail, the EPZ Q5 is a compelling choice and a must-buy in its price range.

DAC • Preamp • Headphone Amplifier DAVE is an acronym for "Digital to Analogue Veritas in Extremis" DAVE has an FPGA ten times the capacity of Hugo This gave opportunities to further improve performance: Improved time domain (transient timing accuracy) Improved noise-shaper performance DAVE has much more advanced analogue electronics TIME DOMAIN The primary purpose of a DAC is to reproduce the un-sampled continuous analogue waveform from sampled digital data Conventional DACs do a poor job of reproducing the original continuous analogue signal, with timing errors on transients Increasing tap-length of FIR filters gives better time domain accuracy in terms of the timing of transients The ear/brain is extremely sensitive to very small timing errors Timing accuracy upsets the perception of the start and stopping of notes It also degrades the ability to perceive instrument timbre and power It degrades soundstage precision DAVE has a 164,000-tap WTA filter. The noise-shaper takes the high-resolution 2048 FS data and converts it to 5 bits 20-element Pulse Array DAC. Ultra-low-noise sub-milli-ohm power planes for Pulse Array element flip-flops. MEASURED PERFORMANCE Maximum output voltage 6V RMS – the reference voltage dBA, measured using APx 555 THD and noise at 5V RMS 1kHz -124 dBA A wt THD and noise at 2.5V RMS 1kHz - 127 dBA A wt (-124 dBA into 33 ohms) THD 1kHz 2.5V RMS 0.000015% Dynamic Range at -60 dBFS 1kHz -127 dBA A wt No measurable noise floor modulation, no anharmonic distortion Analogue distortion characteristic – no distortion for small signals. Technical Features: Digital Inputs 4x 75Ω S/PDIF BNC Coax – 44.1kHz to 384kHz 1x AES XLR – 44.1kHz to 96kHz 2x Fibre Optic TOSLINK – 44.1kHz to 96kHz 1x USB Type B – 44.1kHz to 768kHz – PCM and DSD Analog Outputs 1x Stereo Pair of Unbalanced RCA 1x Stereo Pair of Balanced XLR 1x 1/4" TRS Jack Headphone Output Performance Frequency Response 20Hz to 20kHz +/- 0.1dB THD +N -127.5dB (AWT) Channel Separation >125dB @ 1kHz Dynamic Range 127.5dB (AWT) Headphone Output 1% THD 6.8v RMS with 300Ω (154mW) 1% THD 6.8v RMS with 33Ω (1.4w) Output Impedance 0.055Ω (short circuit protected) Operating voltage 90v AC – 250v AV auto switching 50Hz – 60Hz Dimensions (including connectors) 333.5mm (W) x 71mm (H) x 154mm (D) Weight 7kg (15.5 lbs) Package Includes 1.5m Type A to Type B USB Cable 1.5m 10a IEC Mains Power Lead Reference Dave Remote Dave Owners Manual 5-Year Warranty DAVE Presentation

Hidizs MS1-Galaxy Customized 10.2mm High-Performance Dual Magnetic Circuit Dynamic Driver In-ear Monitors. Disclaimer: "Hidizs" Company graciously provided the "MS1 GALAXY HEADPHONES" for this review. I recently had the opportunity to test out the MS1-Galaxy earphones from Hidizs, and I must say, I was thoroughly impressed, it was nothing short of breathtaking. First off, the packaging is of excellent quality. Upon receiving the MS1-Galaxy, I was immediately captivated by its packaging. Unboxing these earphones is like unwrapping a present, creating an eager anticipation for the listening experience ahead. The earphones come in a sleek black/transparent design, with an option to choose between a cable with or without a microphone which adds a touch of customization to suit individual preferences. When you take that out of the box, the rest is underneath: the cable you selected (with or without microphone) in a plastic bag, and you're greeted with six silicone tips (one pair each of small, medium, and large sizes) in a small plastic bag. You also get a serial number and date card, a card with specs and a pretty manga image, and a bilingual instruction manual (English and Chinese languages) with assembling illustrations. No travel pouch is provided. Tech Highlights: At the heart of the MS1 Galaxy lies its innovative 10.2mm dual magnetic dynamic driver, featuring a PU+PEEK composite polymer diaphragm. This advanced diaphragm technology ensures cleaner sound reproduction, minimal distortion, uniform thickness, and enhanced sensitivity. With a sensitivity of 108 dB @1kHz and an impedance of 32Ω, the MS1 Galaxy effortlessly pairs with any portable audio player or dongle DAC seamlessly, making it a versatile choice for audiophiles on the go. Design: The MS1 Galaxy not only delivers on performance but also excels in aesthetics. Available in a range of vibrant colors including black, red, blue, and mixed variations with or without a microphone, it caters to diverse preferences. Crafted using high-density German Makrolon resin for the faceplates and shells, the earphones offer stability and comfort to the user. The injection molding technique employed in the manufacturing process lends a premium finish to the faceplates. Sporting a distinctive diamond-like design protected by resin, the faceplate provides a glimpse of the dynamic driver, 2-pin connector, and wires, adding to its visual appeal. The average-length nozzle, equipped with a nozzle lip, ensures a secure fit for the ear tips, eliminating any worries of slippage. Speaking of fit, these earphones nestle comfortably in the ears, guaranteeing hours of uninterrupted snug, and secure fit for listening pleasure. The cable is not pre-attached to the earpieces, and it's important to put things together properly, or else you won't get a good fit in the ear - instructions are provided for that. The cable has a Blue dot on the LEFT side and a Red dot on the RIGHT side (Red for right is a well-known convention in audio. The color of the other side varies). The cable is the correct way to loop around your ear as shown in the wearing guide. Need to attach the silicon tips also. The easiest to do is by turning the flexible part inside-out while attaching it and then flipping it back into place after it is seated. Try them all to see what works best in your ears. For good Bass response, they should seal well. According to my experience, for the best bass response, you can try to use foam bits. For example, I like tips from the Comply. The pièce de résistance – the sound quality of the MS1-Galaxy is simply mesmerizing. The MS1-Galaxy earphones deliver a truly remarkable audio experience. The sound is incredibly clear and deep, immersing you in your music like never before. It's like having diamonds in your ears, as the sound sparkles with clarity and depth. Sound Impressions: The low-frequency extension is excellent; There is a touch of extra sibilance at the top end but it's not severe. The overall frequency response is slightly V-shaped, with a bit of bass and treble emphasis, but again it's not nearly as pronounced as on some earbuds and it provides a good listening experience. Bass: The MS1 Galaxy delivers robust bass with considerable quantity, particularly in the mid-bass region, offering a satisfying thump. However, its emphasis on quantity compromises quality, resulting in a somewhat bloated and overpowering bass that occasionally masks vocals and instruments. Ideal for bass enthusiasts seeking a visceral experience. Mids: While the MS1 Galaxy's mids excel with male vocals, offering richness and natural timbre, its performance with female vocals is lacking. Female vocals sound thin, recessed, and artificial, with a veiled quality that detracts from the overall listening experience. The mids, overall, lack the forwardness needed to convey vocal nuances effectively. Treble: With the relaxed treble extension, the MS1 Galaxy provides a non-fatiguing listening experience, featuring adequate sparkle without excessive detail retrieval. While suitable for laid-back listening sessions, it may lack the finesse needed for intricate musical passages., missing the finesse needed for complete musical immersion. In summary, the Hidizs MS1 Galaxy offers commendable comfort and a robust bass response but falls short in isolation and vocal reproduction, making it better suited for bass-heavy genres and casual listening rather than critical listening sessions or environments requiring noise isolation. Conclusion: Hidizs has once again raised the bar in the ultra-budget segment with their latest offering, the MS1 Galaxy, priced at a mere $25.99 SRP. Boasting a formidable 10.2mm Dual Magnetic Circuit Dynamic Driver, this earphone promises an immersive audio experience without breaking the bank. With its remarkable sound quality, comfortable fit, and stylish design, it effortlessly surpasses expectations, all at a wallet-friendly price point. Whether you're a casual listener or a seasoned audiophile, the MS1-Galaxy promises an immersive audio experience that's second to none. I can wholeheartedly recommend the Hidizs MS1-Galaxy earphones. They offer exceptional sound quality, comfortable fit, and stylish design, all at a reasonable price point. Hidizs has truly outdone itself with this product. Kudos to Hidizs for delivering yet another masterpiece in the form of the MS1-Galaxy. Final Rating: 4.5/5 Features: - High-Performance Dual Magnetic Circuit Dynamic Driver - 10.2mm PU+PEEK Composite Diaphragm - Optional Inline Control & Microphone - High-Density German Makrolon Resin Shell - Silver-Plated Oxygen-Free Copper Wire - 0.78mm 2-Pin Plug - Ergonomic Liquid Silicone Ear Tips - Ergonomic Design with Comfortable Extended Wear - Perfectly Aligned With The H-2019 Target Frequency Response Curve - 3.5mm Gold-Plated Plug & Durable Metal Shell & Splitter - Hi-Res Certification

Headphone Amplifier Balanced headphone amplifier with 4 output stages 50 Volts internal operating voltage - ideal for high-impedance headphones High output power, for headphones with low impedances and magnetostatics +/- 18 dB pre-gain 3500 mW Pmax at 50 Ohm > 23 V RMS into 600 Ohm Volume control with RK 27 potentiometer Large 38 mm all-aluminium knob Delayed switching of headphones after power-on Integrated power supply 2 Line inputs: XLR (L/R) 2 Line inputs: RCA (L/R) 1 Stereo headphone output: 4.4 mm Pentaconn balanced 1 Stereo headphone output: 4-pin XLR balanced 1 Stereo headphone output: 6.3 mm jack unbalanced Dimensions (W x H x D): 170 x 65 x 252 mm Weight: 3.1 kg

XLR44C Balanced XLR 4Pin to 4.4mm Adapter

What DAC's Design Is Better And Why Better for You? - Delta Sigma (DS) DAC - R2R (Resistor Ladder) DAC Reflecting on digital-to-analog conversion concepts, the ongoing discourse between Delta Sigma (DS) and R2R (resistor ladder) DAC designs continues to intrigue audio enthusiasts and professionals alike. The fundamental question of which is superior often leads to a quagmire, as the theoretical debate faces the challenge of numerous implementation variables in DAC design – an analog to the futile endeavor of proving the inherent superiority of apples over pears. To truly assess the merit of each design, it becomes imperative to transcend theoretical discussions and delve into the realm of practical experience. Comparing the sonic signatures of a well-crafted DS DAC with a meticulously designed Non-Oversampling (NOS) R2R DAC, such as the widely recognized TDA1543, unveils the distinctive and naturally musical character of the latter. Those who have embraced the unique qualities of a digital filterless R2R design understand its enchanting sonic allure. However, it's crucial to acknowledge that the DAC chip alone does not dictate the entire listening experience! Surrounding elements, including power supplies, the I/V conversion stage, the SPDIF receiver (if present), and the output stage, contribute significantly to the final output. In the practical realm, the complexity deepens further. The circuit's design, the careful selection and combination of components around the DAC chip, and the digital transport – whose role is as pivotal as the DAC itself – collectively shape the audio experience. In this intricate web of variables, the pursuit of audio perfection transcends the narrow confines of DS versus R2R debates. Rather, it emphasizes the holistic orchestration of components and design choices that harmonize to create a symphony of sound. Thus, the exploration and appreciation of digital-to-analog conversion extend beyond theoretical postulations, inviting enthusiasts to engage in the rich tapestry of practical implementation where each element plays a nuanced role in crafting an auditory masterpiece. The distinctive qualities of R2R DAC designs, particularly those emphasizing non-oversampling (NOS) configurations, stand in stark contrast to their Delta Sigma (DS) counterparts, sparking an ongoing debate in the audio community. The essence of this debate transcends theoretical discussions, finding resonance in the practical experiences of enthusiasts. Drawing an analogy to photography, the comparison between R2R and DS is likened to images captured with optical lenses versus those subjected to digital zoom and extensive post-processing. A well-designed NOS R2R DAC is lauded for its ability to present music with depth, organic textures, and a natural flow, akin to the richness found in pictures taken with proper optical lenses. The theoretical superiority of DS chips, evident in their specifications, often falls short in practical applications. While DS DACs boast impressive accuracy numbers post-modulation, achieving these figures in real-world scenarios proves challenging due to factors such as power supply quality and imperfections in components and materials. The clever concept of oversampling, demodulation, and noise shaping employed by DS DACs comes at a cost, particularly in terms of musicality. The critical examination of DS DACs reveals their reliance on oversampling, which involves interpolating missing data and subsequently noise-shaping and filtering. The resulting sound is characterized by clarity and perceived details, yet it often lacks the natural coherence and precision found in music. The use of a negative feedback loop in DS designs introduces phase and amplitude distortion, adversely affecting the emotional engagement of the listener. In contrast, NOS R2R DACs, devoid of digital filtering, offer a more natural and musically alive experience. While both DS and R2R designs grapple with imperfections inherent in digital-to-analog conversion, the absence of digital filtering in NOS R2R designs contributes to their distinctive sonic character. The perceived weaknesses of NOS R2R DACs, such as a lack of resolution, are mitigated through meticulous component selection and circuit optimization. The impedance mismatch inherent in DAC designs is also addressed through innovative approaches, such as using a single transistor for I/V conversion and a class A, zero-feedback valve output stage. In the quest to determine what is truly superior, the evaluation extends beyond theoretical considerations. The comparison hinges on the critical assessment of real-world examples, inviting listeners to discern between a NOS R2R DAC's brute force, real-time resolution, and a DS chip's filtered pink noise manipulated by algorithms. The conclusion leans toward the subjective experience, where the musicality of NOS R2R designs often surpasses that of modern DS counterparts, offering a timeless and analog-like sonic richness. The inherent musicality of NOS R2R designs, when coupled with meticulous circuit implementation and high-quality components, defies the notion of obsolescence. The analog-like sound and natural timbres found in NOS R2R DACs prompt a reconsideration of progress in audio technology, suggesting that the charm of established and optimized technologies may rival or even surpass the latest innovations. Ultimately, the judgment rests in the ears of the listener, inviting them to appreciate the timeless elegance of well-crafted NOS R2R DACs in the ever-evolving landscape of audio technology. Links: Delta Sigma vs Non-oversampling (NOS) R2R DAC https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delta-sigma_modulation https://dsp.stackexchange.com/questions/88339/sigma-delta-modulator-for-dac https://www.allaboutcircuits.com/textbook/digital/chpt-13/r-2r-dac/

Introduction to IEM Drivers Different Types of Drivers in IEMs No matter what method you choose to enjoy audio, whether it be in-ear monitors, headphones, or speakers, the quality of the sound performance will always rely on the driver used. In the case of IEMs and headphones, there are various types of drivers available such as dynamic drivers, balanced armature drivers, planar magnetic drivers, and electrostatic drivers. Each of these drivers has its unique characteristics, advantages, and disadvantages, which contribute to the overall sound output. In this article, we will explore the features and qualities of each driver type, and also provide some of our top recommendations. So, let's get started without further delay. Drivers are tiny devices found within your IEMs that deliver sound directly to your ears, similar to miniature speakers. They convert electrical signals into audible sound waves, which are then transmitted to your ears. IEMs can have either single drivers, with one driver per earpiece, or multiple drivers, with several of the same type or a combination of different types in each earpiece. Except for electrostatic drivers, IEM drivers operate on the principle of electromagnetism, where an electromagnetic force is generated between charged particles. This force pushes or pulls anything with an electric charge, including both electric and magnetic forces. These drivers typically consist of magnets, voice coils, and diaphragms. The diaphragm is responsible for pushing air and creating the sound you hear. Dynamic Drivers: Let's begin with the most fundamental and widely employed type of drivers, which are Dynamic Drivers. These are virtually ubiquitous and have enjoyed extensive usage for an extended period. You can encounter Dynamic Drivers in a variety of devices, including headphones, in-ear monitors (IEMs), speakers, and even true wireless stereo (TWS) earphones. Dynamic drivers are engineered with a membrane diaphragm coil that spans a voice coil. They also incorporate an internal high-power electromagnetic circuit that facilitates the rapid movement of the drivers. When an electrical signal is directed to the dynamic driver, the electromagnetic circuit activates, generating a robust magnetic field. This magnetic field induces diaphragm motion, thereby producing sound by vibrating the air surrounding the diaphragm. Manufacturers have tailored dynamic drivers by utilizing diverse materials for their diaphragm coils, such as Beryllium, Liquid Crystal Polymer (LCP), Carbon Nanotube (CNT), and DLC (diamond-like carbon). It's common knowledge that every metal and material possesses its unique rigidity, weight, and density, which each impact sound output in distinct ways. Generally, materials with greater membrane material surface tension tend to respond more swiftly. This implies that high-density and lightweight materials offer a clean output with reduced distortion and enhanced clarity in the resulting sound. Pros of Dynamic Drivers: Dynamic drivers are capable of delivering powerful low-frequency performance(producing impactful low-end performance) Dynamic drivers are typically more cost-effective (usually cheaper) compared to other driver types. A single driver can encompass the entire audible frequency range. A single driver can cover the entire audible frequency range. Least expensive; easy to produce Capable of covering a large frequency range Cons of Dynamic Drivers: They are susceptible to distortion (at high volumes) Dynamic drivers usually have larger physical dimensions compared to other driver types. Dynamic drivers are susceptible to driver flex. Loss of detail Balanced Armature Drivers: Balanced Armature drivers, initially designed for hearing aids due to their compact and lightweight nature, are not renowned for their expansive frequency range. Nevertheless, their adaptable characteristics make them well-suited for catering to the specific requirements of those with hearing impairments. These diminutive drivers, some as small as 5mm on their longest dimension, find an ideal application in in-ear monitors (IEMs) due to their ability to accommodate multiple units within a single earpiece. Numerous in-ear monitors employ multiple balanced armature drivers to achieve a broader frequency response. Each driver is meticulously calibrated for treble, midrange, or bass frequencies. To further refine the audio experience, a crossover is employed to partition sound signals into distinct frequency bands, directing each band to the appropriate driver. Balanced Armature drivers feature a coil-wound armature that takes on a U-shaped form, perfectly balanced between a pair of magnets. An electrical signal passing through the coil generates a magnetic field, inciting the armature to vibrate. This vibration, in turn, imparts motion to an aluminum diaphragm, producing sound. The hallmark of balanced armature drivers lies in their ability to deliver a pristine, sharp audio quality, particularly well-suited for midrange and high-frequency tones, albeit often at the expense of less pronounced bass response. This limitation arises from the fact that these drivers do not displace air to produce sound. Balanced Armature drivers are prone to unwanted vibrations and distortion, necessitating a significant degree of damping to achieve a balanced frequency response. This damping can be achieved through the use of a dampening screen or material positioned between the armature and magnets. This serves to restrict armature movement, thereby mitigating or damping resonant peaks. However, it should be noted that this damping process does result in reduced driver output levels. On a positive note, since there is no requirement for air displacement, BA drivers offer superior sound isolation. While some IEMs exclusively rely on balanced armature drivers, others incorporate a combination of balanced armatures and other driver types. Balanced Armature drivers are capable of delivering exceptional resolution and outstanding sound performance in IEMs. Pros of Balanced Armature Drivers: Delivers crisp and clear high-frequency audio Exceptional noise isolation capabilities The compact size makes them perfect for IEMs Compact size allows for the integration of multiple units in a single pair of IEMs. Tunable and adjustable for specific frequency regions. Minimal movement results in cleaner sound production with reduced distortion. Cons of Balanced Armature Drivers: Limited bass response Tends to be relatively costly Multiple drivers may be necessary to cover the entire audible frequency range Challenging for a single BA driver to reproduce the entire audible frequency range. Dynamic drivers, which involve more air movement, tend to deliver a more impactful bass response. Planar Magnetic Drivers: Planar magnetic drivers are indeed a unique and fascinating technology in the world of audio drivers. Your description provides a good overview of how they work and their advantages. Here's a summary of the key points: Flat Diaphragm with Embedded Wires: Planar magnetic drivers use a flat and thin diaphragm with embedded wires. This diaphragm is the key component responsible for producing sound. Magnet Arrays: The diaphragm is sandwiched between two arrays of evenly spaced magnets. These magnets create a strong and consistent magnetic field. Electromagnetic Interaction: An electric current flows through the embedded wires in the diaphragm, creating an electromagnetic field. This field interacts with the magnetic field created by the surrounding magnets, causing the diaphragm to move. Deep Bass Response: Planar magnetic drivers are known for their deep bass response. This is due to the large surface area of the diaphragm and the powerful magnetic force, allowing for the movement of a significant volume of air. Even Sound Distribution: Sound vibrations are evenly distributed across the diaphragm, leading to minimized distortion and improved sound quality. Availability in Budget IEMs: While planar magnetic technology was traditionally associated with high-end audio equipment, it has become more accessible in recent years, including in budget in-ear monitors (IEMs). This wider availability allows more consumers to experience the benefits of planar magnetic drivers. Impactful Bass and Detail: Planar magnetic drivers are capable of delivering impactful bass responses with excellent detail and resolution, making them a popular choice for audiophiles and music enthusiasts. Power Requirements: Planar magnetic drivers may require more power to operate at their best performance. This is an important consideration when choosing amplification equipment. Durability: One potential drawback is that planar magnetic drivers can be delicate, and care must be taken to protect them from damage. Overall, planar magnetic drivers offer a unique combination of benefits, including exceptional sound quality, deep bass response, and even sound distribution. As technology advances and becomes more accessible, they are likely to continue gaining popularity among audio enthusiasts. Planar magnetic drivers are a type of technology used in headphones and loudspeakers to reproduce sound. Here's a breakdown of the points you mentioned: Clean, Powerful Sound: Planar magnetic drivers are known for their ability to produce clean and powerful sound. They can deliver audio with a high level of detail and accuracy. Low Distortion: Planar magnetic drivers tend to exhibit less distortion in their output compared to other driver technologies, like dynamic drivers. This results in a cleaner and more faithful representation of audio. Deep-Hitting and Impactful Bass: Planar magnetic headphones are often praised for their bass performance. They can produce deep and impactful bass, providing a satisfying low-end response that many audiophiles and music enthusiasts appreciate. Fast and Precise Sound: Planar magnetic drivers are capable of responding quickly to changes in audio signals. This means they can reproduce audio with great precision and accuracy, making them well-suited for a wide range of music genres and audio applications. It's important to note that planar magnetic technology is just one of several driver technologies used in audio equipment, and the specific characteristics of any audio device can also depend on its design, engineering, and tuning. When choosing audio equipment, it's a good idea to consider your personal audio preferences and the type of content you'll be listening to to find the best fit for your needs. Pros of Planar Magnetic Drivers: The qualities you've mentioned, "low distortion," "clarity," and "excellent bass response," are all highly desirable characteristics in audio equipment, particularly in headphones and speakers. Here's a brief explanation of each of these qualities: Low Distortion: Low distortion means that the audio equipment can reproduce sound with minimal alteration or added noise. Distortion typically degrades the audio quality, so lower distortion levels lead to a more faithful and accurate reproduction of the audio source. Clarity: Clarity in audio refers to the ability of the equipment to reproduce sound with precision and detail. Clear audio allows you to hear individual elements in the music or audio, making it easier to distinguish between different instruments or voices. Excellent Bass Response: Bass response refers to how well the equipment handles and reproduces low-frequency sounds, particularly the deep and impactful bass notes. Excellent bass response means that the equipment can reproduce these low-frequency sounds with depth and accuracy, enhancing the overall listening experience, especially in genres where bass plays a prominent role. To achieve these qualities in audio equipment, manufacturers often use advanced technologies, such as planar magnetic drivers, as mentioned earlier. However, the design, materials, and engineering of the equipment also play a crucial role in delivering low distortion, clarity, and excellent bass response. When choosing audio equipment, it's essential to consider your personal preferences and the type of content you'll be listening to, as different equipment may excel in various aspects of sound reproduction. Reading reviews and listening tests can also help you find the audio equipment that best matches your desired qualities. Cons of Planar Magnetic Drivers: Planar magnetic drivers have some unique characteristics and requirements: Delicate Nature: Planar magnetic drivers are relatively delicate compared to dynamic drivers, which are another common driver technology. They consist of a thin, lightweight diaphragm suspended in a magnetic field. Care should be taken to prevent physical damage to the diaphragm, as punctures or tears can affect performance. Power Requirements: Planar magnetic drivers often require more power to achieve their best sound quality compared to dynamic drivers. They have a lower sensitivity, so they may need a dedicated headphone amplifier to reach their full potential. This means that they can benefit from high-quality amplification to deliver their best performance. Expensive: Planar magnetic headphones and speakers tend to be more expensive than models with dynamic drivers. This is partly due to the complex manufacturing process and the use of specialized materials in their construction. The price can vary greatly depending on the brand and model. Larger and Heavier: Planar magnetic drivers are typically larger and heavier than their dynamic counterparts. The size and weight of these drivers can affect the overall design and comfort of headphones or the size and portability of speakers. Some users prefer the spacious soundstage and detail offered by planar magnetic drivers, while others may find them less comfortable for extended use. In summary, planar magnetic drivers offer high-quality audio performance, but they come with some trade-offs, including delicacy, increased power requirements, higher costs, and bulkier designs. Whether they are the right choice for you depends on your preferences and priorities in terms of audio quality and other factors such as portability and budget. Electrostatic Drivers: Unlike drivers that function through electromagnetic force, electrostatic drivers operate based on the principle of static electricity, specifically the absence of moving charges, to generate an electric field. Within electrostatic drivers, a delicately thin and nearly weightless diaphragm is suspended between two metal plates known as stators. These plates are perforated to facilitate airflow, with one plate carrying a positive charge and the other a negative charge. When a sound signal is applied to these plates, an electric field is established. The sound signal induces the diaphragm to move towards and away from the plates due to the attractive and repulsive forces within the electric field. As the diaphragm undergoes these movements, vibrations occur, causing air to be pushed through the perforations in the metal plates. This interplay of movements, combined with the continuous electrical signal driving the diaphragm, gives rise to the production of sound waves. Electrostatic drivers are acclaimed for their ability to provide outstanding detail, treble extension, and broad frequency response. The uniform charging of the diaphragm by the electrostatic field ensures that sound vibrations are evenly distributed across its surface, minimizing distortion in the process. This unique mechanism contributes to the characteristic qualities of electrostatic drivers in delivering high-quality audio reproduction. Pros of Electrostatic Drivers: Small in size, easy to implement. Excellent high-frequency band response. Delivers an airy and detailed sound. Clarity and detail Lack of distortion Small and lightweight Wide frequency response Cons of Electrostatic Drivers: Tendency to drown out other drivers Power requirements are usually high for EST drivers. Expensive. Full-frequency EST drivers are a rare sight in budget IEMs Bone Conduction Drivers: Bone conduction headphones revolutionize the way we experience audio by employing a distinctive mechanism that sets them apart from traditional headphone types. In the conventional setup, sound vibrations navigate through the air via a process known as air conduction. These vibrations travel down the ear canal, causing the ear drum and middle ear to vibrate. Subsequently, the vibrations make their way to the cochlea (inner ear), where they undergo conversion into electrical signals and are transmitted to the brain. Bone conduction headphones, on the other hand, introduce a unique approach by excluding the outer and middle ear from the auditory process. Instead of traveling through the air, sound vibrations are directed through the bones of the skull, reaching the inner ear directly. Positioned in front of the ear or on the cheekbones, bone-conduction headphones deviate from the conventional ear-centric design. This unconventional structure renders them particularly advantageous for individuals with hearing impairments related to issues in the eardrum or middle ear, as bone conduction circumvents these specific areas. An additional perk of bone conduction headphones lies in their design, allowing the ear canal to remain open. This openness enables users to maintain awareness of ambient sounds, enhancing situational awareness—a feature not commonly found in traditional headphones. However, it's worth noting that bone-conduction headphones may fall short of delivering the same level of sound quality as their counterparts in other headphone categories. Despite this drawback, the unique benefits they offer make them a preferred choice for those seeking alternatives based on their specific needs and preferences. Hybrid Drivers Configuration: In the ever-evolving world of in-ear monitors (IEMs), one term that has been gaining significant traction is "Hybrid Driver." This refers to the innovative approach where brands integrate two or more types of drivers into a single pair of IEMs. While the classic combination involves Dynamic Drivers (DD) and Balanced Armatures (BA), the landscape has expanded to include a fascinating array of driver types such as DD, BA, Electrostatic (EST), Planar, and even Balanced Coiled Drivers (BCD). In the contemporary realm of audio technology, hybrid driver configurations have become the norm rather than the exception. This design philosophy allows brands to harness the unique strengths of different driver types and amalgamate them into a singular, impressive auditory experience for users. Picture this: a dynamic driver delivering a punchy, powerful bass response, balanced armatures offering exceptional mid-range and treble nuances, and EST drivers handling ultra-high frequencies with finesse. The beauty of hybrid drivers lies in their ability to bring together the best of diverse acoustic worlds, offering users an unparalleled audio journey encapsulated in a single pair of IEMs. It's not just about combining components; it's about creating a symphony where each driver plays its specialized role, resulting in a harmonious and advanced sound profile. As audio enthusiasts, we are witnessing a renaissance in IEM technology, where the marriage of different driver types isn't just a technical feat but a celebration of sonic possibilities. The era of hybrid drivers has ushered in a new dimension of auditory excellence, and we eagerly anticipate the continuous innovation that will shape the future of our listening experiences. Embrace the fusion, and let the music resonate with you like never before. Pros of Hybrid Drivers: Versatility and Diversity: By incorporating multiple types of drivers into a single pair, the hybrid configuration allows users to experience the unique strengths of each driver technology. This versatility enables a more comprehensive and dynamic audio experience, accommodating a wide range of musical genres and content types. Exceptional Sound Quality: One of the standout features of hybrid configurations is their ability to deliver exceptional sound quality. The combination of different driver types, such as balanced armature and dynamic drivers, synergizes to produce a well-rounded audio profile. This results in clear highs, rich mids, and powerful lows, contributing to a more immersive and enjoyable listening experience. Customized Performance: Brands have the flexibility to tune each driver based on specific frequency bands, tailoring the performance to meet desired audio characteristics. This level of customization allows for precise control over the sound signature, catering to the preferences of diverse audiences. Whether it's emphasizing bass for a thumping low end or enhancing clarity for intricate details, hybrid configurations offer a customizable audio solution. Optimized for Different Uses: The ability to fine-tune drivers makes hybrid configurations suitable for various applications. Whether you're a music enthusiast, a professional audio engineer, or a gamer, hybrid setups can be optimized to excel in different scenarios. This adaptability ensures that users can enjoy high-quality audio across a wide range of activities. Technological Advancements: Hybrid driver technology continues to advance, with ongoing innovations enhancing overall performance. As technology evolves, manufacturers can explore new materials and design techniques to further improve the efficiency, responsiveness, and overall quality of hybrid configurations. In summary, the hybrid driver configuration stands as a testament to the pursuit of audio excellence, offering users the best of both worlds by combining different driver technologies. From versatility and exceptional sound quality to customization and adaptability, the pros of hybrid configurations make them a compelling choice for those seeking a superior audio experience. Cons of Hybrid Drivers: Complex Adjustments: One notable drawback of a hybrid driver configuration is the need for precise adjustments. As multiple drivers are employed to handle different frequency ranges, achieving optimal balance and coherence among them requires meticulous tuning. This complexity can pose challenges for manufacturers and audio engineers during the design and production stages. Distortion Concerns: When multiple drivers are not adjusted or synchronized correctly, distortion issues may arise. The potential for distortion is especially pronounced if there is a lack of proper calibration or if the crossover points between different drivers are not seamlessly integrated. Distortions can significantly compromise audio quality, leading to a less-than-ideal listening experience for users. Increased Cost: Implementing a hybrid driver configuration often involves the use of specialized components and advanced technology to ensure precise tuning. This can result in higher production costs compared to simpler, single-driver configurations. The increased complexity of design and manufacturing processes may also contribute to elevated product prices, limiting the accessibility of such audio systems to a broader market. Maintenance Challenges: Due to the intricacies of hybrid driver setups, maintaining and repairing these audio systems can be more challenging than dealing with single-driver configurations. The potential need for fine-tuning and adjustments over time may require specialized knowledge and equipment, making it less convenient for end-users to address issues without professional assistance. Size and Weight: Hybrid driver configurations can be bulkier and heavier compared to simpler alternatives. This can be a concern, especially in applications where space and weight are critical factors, such as portable audio devices or lightweight headphones. The added size and weight may impact the overall comfort and portability of the audio equipment. In conclusion, while hybrid driver configurations offer advantages in terms of extended frequency response and improved audio quality, these come at the cost of increased complexity, potential distortion issues, higher production costs, maintenance challenges, and considerations related to size and weight. Manufacturers and users must carefully weigh these drawbacks against the benefits when choosing audio systems with hybrid driver configurations. xMEMS Drivers Patreon Site References: https://www.moon-audio.com/iem-driver-technology#:~:text=IEMs%20can%20be%20single%20driver,different%20types%20in%20each%20earpiece. https://conceptkart.com/blogs/guides/different-types-of-drivers-in-iems#:~:text=Due%20to%20their%20small%20size,drivers%20in%20a%20single%20pair. https://www.google.com/search?sca_esv=559959589&rlz=1C5CHFA_enIL734IL734&sxsrf=AB5stBiHYhQyvS54L-XO9K0iGL9vxv4EEw:1692984798185&q=balanced+armature+driver&tbm=isch&source=lnms&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjy2YXsq_iAAxWzhf0HHUBBAucQ0pQJegQICRAB&biw=2560&bih=1241&dpr=1#imgrc=MNzQqKklDahF-M&imgdii=G7Pa89ULU_JGuM

Solid-State Fidelity: The Era of Ultra-High-Resolution MEMS Speakers IEM Driver Technology xMEMS’ solid-state MEMS micro speakers deliver a new level of performance, size, energy efficiency, and uniformity not possible with traditional voice coil speakers through the combination of design innovation and monolithic capacitive piezo-MEMS manufacturing. xMEMS micro speaker technology is based on the inverse piezoelectric effect using piezoMEMS material and is covered by 90+ patents and over 100 patents pending. The inverse piezoelectric effect is created by applying an electrical voltage to make the piezoMEMS contract or expand, converting electrical energy to mechanical energy. This energy excites an integrated silicon membrane to move air and generate acoustic sound waves. Unlike bulk piezoceramics or crystals, which have been used to generate low-grade speakers and buzzers for decades, xMEMS’ piezoMEMS actuators offer an increased range of movement enabling rich, loud audio. And now, Noble Audio’s new Falcon Max TWS (True Wireless Stereo) and FoKus earbuds will include the groundbreaking MEMS-based driver from xMEMS Labs. Through this partnership, Noble Audio’s Falcon Max headphones will be some of the first to adopt cutting-edge MEMS speaker technology. xMEMS Products SOUND QUALITY Montara, Cowell, and Montara Plus: Full bandwidth (20Hz-20kHz) with flat frequency response for occluded applications High-performance tweeter or midrange tweeter for open/leaky applications Cypress: Full bandwidth (20Hz-20kHz) for ANC earbuds +/-1° phase consistency for improved spatial audio performance No in-band resonances Superior high-frequency response vs. coil speakers improves: Clarity Presence Speech-in-noise performance for hearing health applications 0.5% THD (94dB @ 1kHz) Better SPL/mm3 ROBUSTNESS Monolithic piezoMEMS 10,000g mechanical shock resistance CONSISTENCY Highly uniform frequency response and phase Reliable semiconductor process (JEDEC-qualified) Eliminates driver matching and calibration LONGER LISTEN TIMES Capacitive vs. current-driven architecture reduces driver power consumption WATER-PROOF IP58 water immersion and dust resistance without special membrane PRECISE TRANSDUCTION The monolithic design eliminates spring and suspension recovery of coil-based speakers Fast mechanical response (<50μs group delay) enables improved ANC bandwidth of nonstationary noise Near-zero phase delay increases the maximum noise suppression bandwidth of stationary noise IMPLEMENTATION World’s First SMT-ready micro-speaker Companion piezo amplifier IC (xMEMS Aptos) SMALL SIZE 1mm thickness More space for larger batteries or more components Top or Side-firing package orientations